La llegenda de Sant Jordi

Treball de l'alumnat del Grau d'Educació Primària de la Facultat d'Educació de la UB. Proposta d'activitat emmarcada al projecte de recerca EDU201S-69332-R "Desarrollo de las competencias para la educación multilingüe". Any: 2017. Tutors: Juli Palou i Margarida Cambr

Automatising the learning of lexical patterns: An application to the enrichment of WordNet by extracting semantic relationships from Wikipedia

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal Data & Knowledge Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal Data & Knowledge Engineering, 61, 3, (2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.datak.2006.06.011This paper describes an automatic approach to identify lexical patterns that represent semantic relationships between concepts in an on-line encyclopedia. Next, these patterns can be applied to extend existing ontologies or semantic networks with new relations. The experiments have been performed with the Simple English Wikipedia and WordNet 1.7. A new algorithm has been devised for automatically generalising the lexical patterns found in the encyclopedia entries. We have found general patterns for the hyperonymy, hyponymy, holonymy and meronymy relations and, using them, we have extracted more than 2600 new relationships that did not appear in WordNet originally. The precision of these relationships depends on the degree of generality chosen for the patterns and the type of relation, being around 60-70% for the best combinations proposed.This work has been sponsored by MEC, project number TIN-2005-0688

14-3-3 protein in the CSF as prognostic marker in early multiple sclerosis

Axonal damage probably occurs early in the evolution of MS. Five of 38 (13%) patients had a positive assay for the neuronal 14-3-3 protein in the CSF obtained at the first clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS. A positive 14-3-3 assay was the only independent predictor for a shorter time to conversion to clinical definite MS (risk ratio 4.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 15) and to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) > or =2 at the end of follow-up (odds ratio 14.8; 95% CI 2.86 to 76.8). The detection of the 14-3-3 protein in the CSF at the first neurologic event suggestive of MS may be a useful predictor of short-term evolution

Mobilitat

[p.4] Com ens hem de moure?[p.8] Mobilitat, sostenibilitat i solidaritat[p.10] Aprenent a viure d’altra manera[p.14] Sostenibilització curricular: cosa de tots[p.18] Escola-família-barri: nou espai amic[p.20] Universitats sostenibles: utopia inabastable?[p.21] Sa i estalvi[p.40] Ciutats per a cotxes o cotxes per la ciutat?[p.43] El viatge: art i consciència[p.47] Entrevista: Educació política i mobilitat a l’Índia. Ranjit Gadgil[p.50] Explica-m’ho tu![p.54] Entrevista: Ocupació verda per a una societat decarbonitzada. Michael RennerPeer Reviewe

A European survey on the insights of patients living with metastatic colorectal cancer: the patient journey before, during and after diagnosis - an Eastern European perspective

Background: Despite being highly preventable and treatable if diagnosed early, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Europe. Limited information is available from the patient perspective on the persisting unmet needs of the journey of the patient with CRC. Objective: To capture European metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients' insights during the patient journey (prediagnosis; diagnosis; postdiagnosis) through a patient survey. Methods: In total, 883 patients from 15 European countries participated. Participants were divided into four groups from Hungary, Poland, Serbia and 'other European countries' (n=103, 163, 170 and 447 patients, respectively). Results: General awareness of CRC and its symptoms prediagnosis varied among groups, with patients from Poland recording the lowest levels. Screening practices and attitudes also varied; while more patients from Serbia had been invited to CRC screening (~15%) compared with the other groups, the ones not invited claimed mostly (~20%) that would not have attended if they had been invited. Whereas most patients were diagnosed within a month after the first consultation/positive screening, the percentages varied substantially being lowest among patients in Poland (~30%) and Serbia (~25%). Although CRC-related information provision varied, with most informed patients from Hungary (~90%) and least from Serbia (~50%), all groups requested an easier-to-understand language by the healthcare team. Approximately 50% of patients from Eastern Europe had to wait longer than a month to receive treatment, in contrast to ~30% from other European countries. All groups emphasised the unmet need for support from psychologists and other patients. Conclusions: Our survey reveals the key aspects of the journey of the patient with mCRC and highlights the areas of similarities and differences between patients with mCRC from Eastern Europe versus those from other European countries as well as among patients from different Eastern European countries, calling for improvement particularly around awareness, screening, treatment availability, communication and support networks

Immunoescape of HIV-1 in Env-EL9 CD8 + T cell response restricted by HLA-B*14:02 in a Non progressor who lost twenty-seven years of HIV-1 control

Background: Long-Term Non-Progressors (LTNPs) are untreated Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals able to control disease progression for prolonged periods. However, the LTNPs status is temporary, as viral load increases followed by decreases in CD4 + T-cell counts. Control of HIV-1 infection in LTNPs viremic controllers, have been associated with effective immunodominant HIV-1 Gag-CD8 + T-cell responses restricted by protective HLA-B alleles. Individuals carrying HLA-B*14:02 control HIV-1 infection is related to an immunodominant Env-CD8 + T-cell response. Limited data are available on the contribution of HLA-B*14:02 CD8 + T -cells in LTNPs. Results: In this study, we performed a virological and immunological detailed analysis of an HLA-B*14:02 LNTP individual that lost viral control (LVC) 27 years after HIV-1 diagnosis. We analysed viral evolution and immune escape in HLA-B*14:02 restricted CD8 + T -cell epitopes and identified viral evolution at the Env-EL9 epitope selecting the L592R mutation. By IFN-γ ELISpot and immune phenotype, we characterized HLA- B*14:02 HIV-1 CD8 + T cell responses targeting, Gag-DA9 and Env-EL9 epitopes before and after LVC. We observed an immunodominant response against the Env-EL9 epitope and a decreased of the CD8 T + cell response over time with LVC. Loss of Env-EL9 responses was concomitant with selecting K588R + L592R mutations at Env-EL9. Finally, we evaluated the impact of Env-EL9 escape mutations on HIV-1 infectivity and Env protein structure. The K588R + L592R escape variant was directly related to HIV-1 increase replicative capacity and stability of Env at the LVC. Conclusions: These findings support the contribution of immunodominant Env-EL9 CD8 + T-cell responses and the imposition of immune escape variants with higher replicative capacity associated with LVC in this LNTP. These data highlight the importance of Env-EL9 specific-CD8 + T-cell responses restricted by the HLA-B*14:02 and brings new insights into understanding long-term HIV-1 control mediated by Env mediated CD8 + T-cell responses.Molecular Virology Laboratory was supported by grants SAF (2016-77894-R) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), ISCIII through the projects PI 13/02269, PI17/00164, PI16/0684, PI19/01127 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund "Investing in your future"). The RIS-RETIC grants RD12/0017/0028, RD16/0025/0020 and RD16CIII/0002/0005. LTD was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) under grant agreement “CD20/00025” through the Sara Borrell Program. O.B.L was funded by an AGAUR-FI_B 00582 Ph.D. fellowship from the Catalan Government and the European Social Fund. M.A. was funded by grants RYC-2015-18241 and PID2019-107931GA-I00 from the Spanish Government and, ED431F 2018/08 from the “Xunta de Galicia”. ERM was supported by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). JGP laboratory was supported by National Health Institute Carlos III grant PI17/00164 and Redes Temáticas de Investigación en SIDA (ISCIII RETIC RD16/0025/0041). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish or drafting of the manuscript.S

The role of the protein kinase A pathway in the response to alkaline pH stress in yeast

Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to alkaline pH provokes a stress condition that generates a compensatory reaction. In the present study we examined a possible role for the PKA (protein kinase A) pathway in this response. Phenotypic analysis revealed that mutations that activate the PKA pathway (ira1 ira2, bcy1) tend to cause sensitivity to alkaline pH, whereas its deactivation enhances tolerance to this stress. We observed that alkalinization causes a transient decrease in cAMP, the main regulator of the pathway. Alkaline pH causes rapid nuclear localization of the PKA-regulated Msn2 transcription factor which, together with Msn4, mediates a general stress response by binding with STRE (stress response element) sequences in many promoters. Consequently, a synthetic STRE–LacZ reporter shows a rapid induction in response to alkaline stress. A msn2 msn4 mutant is sensitive to alkaline pH, and transcriptomic analysis reveals that after 10 min of alkaline stress, the expression of many induced genes (47%) depends, at least in part, on the presence of Msn2 and Msn4. Taken together, these results demonstrate that inhibition of the PKA pathway by alkaline pH represents a substantial part of the adaptive response to this kind of stress and that this response involves Msn2/Msn4-mediated genome expression remodelling. However, the relevance of attenuation of PKA in high pH tolerance is probably not restricted to regulation of Msn2 function

Permanent control of HIV-1 pathogenesis in exceptional elite controllers: a model of spontaneous cure

Elite controllers (EC) represent a small subset of HIV-1-infected people that spontaneously control viral replication. However, natural virological suppression and absence of immune dysfunction are not always long-term sustained. We define exceptional EC (EEC) as HIV-1 subjects who maintain the EC characteristics without disease progression for more than 25 years. We analyzed three EEC, diagnosed between 1988 and 1992, who never showed signs of clinical disease progression in absence of any antiretroviral treatment. A comprehensive clinical, virological, and immunological study was performed. The individuals simultaneously exhibited ≥3 described host protective alleles, low levels of total HIV-1 DNA (0.50). Inflammation levels of EEC were similar to HIV-1 negative donors. Remarkably, they showed an exceptional lack of viral evolution and 8-fold lower genetic diversity (<0.01 s/n) in env gene than other EC. We postulate that these EEC represent cases of spontaneous functional HIV-1 cure. A non-functional and non-genetically evolving viral reservoir along with an HIV-1-specific immune response seems to be key for the spontaneous functional cure.Work in Centro Nacional de Microbiologia (ISCIII) was supported by grants SAF (2016–77894-R) from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (Spain) and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS)-Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, grant FIS (PI 13/02269, ISCIII) and in part by the RIS-RETIC grants RD12/0017/0028 and RD16CIII/0002/0005 funded by the ISCIII-FEDER. MP has a contract of RIS-RETIC RD16CIII/0002/0005. This work was supported by grants from the MINECO, FIS-Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Fondos Europeos para el Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, grant numbers PI16/00684, PI19/01127, CPII014/00025 to ER-M. and FI14/00431 to LT-D.; the Gilead Fellowship Program (grant numbers GLD17/00299); the Red de Investigación en Sida (grant number RD16/0025/0020). ER-M. is supported by Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social of Junta de Andalucía through the Nicolás Monardes Program (C-0032/17). Research in VS-M group was supported by Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS)-Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, grant FIS (PI 17CIII/00049). Grifols partially supported work in the AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Identification, introgression, and validation of fruit volatile QTLs from a red-fruited wild tomato species

[EN] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major determinants of fruit flavor, a primary objective in tomato breeding. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 169 lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and a red-fruited wild tomato species Solanum pimpinellifolium accession (SP) was characterized for VOCs in three different seasons. Correlation and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed on the 52 VOCs identified, providing a tool for the putative assignation of individual compounds to metabolic pathways. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, based on a genetic linkage map comprising 297 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), revealed 102 QTLs (75% not described previously) corresponding to 39 different VOCs. The SP alleles exerted a positive effect on most of the underlying apocarotenoid volatile QTLs-regarded as desirable for liking tomato-indicating that alleles inherited from SP are a valuable resource for flavor breeding. An introgression line (IL) population developed from the same parental genotypes provided 12 ILs carrying a single SP introgression and covering 85 VOC QTLs, which were characterized at three locations. The results showed that almost half of the QTLs previously identified in the RILs maintained their effect in an IL form, reinforcing the value of these QTLs for flavor/aroma breeding in cultivated tomato.We thank Erika Moro for valuable help in volatile analysis of the ILs. WB was supported by a fellowship granted by the Universidad de Costa Rica and CSIC-Spain by way of a collaboration agreement between CSIC/UCR. Volatile profiling was performed in the Metabolomic facilities of the IBMCP, CSIC (Spain). This work was supported in part by the Spanish MINECO Project AGL2015-65246-R co-financed by EU FEDER, MINECO Project AGL2011-26957, and the Bilateral agreements of Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the Italian National Research Council (CNR). Funding for this project was provided through TRADITOM. TRADITOM has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634561. Networking activities were supported by COST action Fruit Quality FA 1106.Rambla Nebot, JL.; Medina, A.; Fernández Del Carmen, MA.; Barrantes, W.; Grandillo, S.; Cammareri, M.; López Casado, G.... (2016). Identification, introgression, and validation of fruit volatile QTLs from a red-fruited wild tomato species. Journal of Experimental Botany. 68(3):429-442. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw455S429442683Alba, J. M., Montserrat, M., & Fernández-Muñoz, R. (2008). 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T., Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (1998). Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(25), 14863-14868. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863Fowlkes, E. B., & Mallows, C. L. (1983). A Method for Comparing Two Hierarchical Clusterings. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 78(383), 553. doi:10.2307/2288117Goulet, C., Kamiyoshihara, Y., Lam, N. B., Richard, T., Taylor, M. G., Tieman, D. M., & Klee, H. J. (2015). Divergence in the Enzymatic Activities of a Tomato and Solanum pennellii Alcohol Acyltransferase Impacts Fruit Volatile Ester Composition. Molecular Plant, 8(1), 153-162. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.007Goulet, C., Mageroy, M. H., Lam, N. B., Floystad, A., Tieman, D. M., & Klee, H. J. (2012). Role of an esterase in flavor volatile variation within the tomato clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(46), 19009-19014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216515109Klee, H. J., & Tieman, D. M. (2013). Genetic challenges of flavor improvement in tomato. Trends in Genetics, 29(4), 257-262. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.003Kochevenko, A., Araújo, W. L., Maloney, G. S., Tieman, D. M., Do, P. T., Taylor, M. G., … Fernie, A. R. (2012). Catabolism of Branched Chain Amino Acids Supports Respiration but Not Volatile Synthesis in Tomato Fruits. Molecular Plant, 5(2), 366-375. doi:10.1093/mp/ssr108Louveau, T., Leitao, C., Green, S., Hamiaux, C., van der Rest, B., Dechy-Cabaret, O., … Chervin, C. (2010). Predicting the substrate specificity of a glycosyltransferase implicated in the production of phenolic volatiles in tomato fruit. FEBS Journal, 278(2), 390-400. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07962.xMageroy, M. H., Tieman, D. M., Floystad, A., Taylor, M. G., & Klee, H. J. (2011). A Solanum lycopersicum catechol-O-methyltransferase involved in synthesis of the flavor molecule guaiacol. The Plant Journal, 69(6), 1043-1051. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04854.xMathieu, S., Cin, V. D., Fei, Z., Li, H., Bliss, P., Taylor, M. G., … Tieman, D. M. (2008). Flavour compounds in tomato fruits: identification of loci and potential pathways affecting volatile composition. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(1), 325-337. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern294Matsui, K., Ishii, M., Sasaki, M., Rabinowitch, H. D., & Ben-Oliel, G. (2007). Identification of an Allele Attributable to Formation of Cucumber-like Flavor in Wild Tomato Species (Solanum pennellii) That Was Inactivated during Domestication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(10), 4080-4086. doi:10.1021/jf063756bMATSUI, K., MIYAHARA, C., WILKINSON, J., HIATT, B., KNAUF, V., & KAJIWARA, T. (2000). Fatty Acid Hydroperoxide Lyase in Tomato Fruits: Cloning and Properties of a Recombinant Enzyme Expressed inEscherichia coli. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 64(6), 1189-1196. doi:10.1271/bbb.64.1189Monforte, A. J., & Tanksley, S. D. (2000). Development of a set of near isogenic and backcross recombinant inbred lines containing most of the Lycopersicon hirsutum genome in a L. esculentum genetic background: A tool for gene mapping and gene discovery. Genome, 43(5), 803-813. doi:10.1139/gen-43-5-803Orzaez, D., Medina, A., Torre, S., Fernández-Moreno, J. P., Rambla, J. L., Fernández-del-Carmen, A., … Granell, A. (2009). A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation. Plant Physiology, 150(3), 1122-1134. doi:10.1104/pp.109.139006Rambla, J. L., Alfaro, C., Medina, A., Zarzo, M., Primo, J., & Granell, A. (2015). Tomato fruit volatile profiles are highly dependent on sample processing and capturing methods. Metabolomics, 11(6), 1708-1720. doi:10.1007/s11306-015-0824-5Rambla, J. L., Tikunov, Y. M., Monforte, A. J., Bovy, A. G., & Granell, A. (2013). The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape. 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B., Taylor, M. G., Schmelz, E., Huffaker, A., … Klee, H. J. (2014). A 13-lipoxygenase, TomloxC, is essential for synthesis of C5 flavour volatiles in tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(2), 419-428. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert382Sim, S.-C., Durstewitz, G., Plieske, J., Wieseke, R., Ganal, M. W., Van Deynze, A., … Francis, D. M. (2012). Development of a Large SNP Genotyping Array and Generation of High-Density Genetic Maps in Tomato. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40563. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040563Simkin, A. J., Schwartz, S. H., Auldridge, M., Taylor, M. G., & Klee, H. J. (2004). The tomato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 genes contribute to the formation of the flavor volatiles β-ionone, pseudoionone, and geranylacetone. The Plant Journal, 40(6), 882-892. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02263.xSkouroumounis GK Massywestropp RA Sefton MA Williams PJ . 1993. beta-Damascenone formation in juices and wines. In: Schreier P Winterhalter P , eds. 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Plant Physiology, 159(2), 851-870. doi:10.1104/pp.111.18831

Persistent HIV-controllers are more prone to spontaneously clear HCV: a retrospective cohort study.

HIV-controllers have the ability to spontaneously maintain viraemia at low or undetectable levels in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Furthermore, HIV-controllers seem to have a superior capacity to spontaneously clear hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to non HIV-controllers. Some of these subjects eventually lose HIV-controller status (transient controllers), whereas some HIV-controllers show a persistent natural HIV control (persistent controllers). We aimed to analyse whether persistent controllers have superior capacity to spontaneously clear HCV compared to transient controllers. We recruited HIV-controllers from January 1981 up to October 2016 with available antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) data (n = 744). Factors associated with HIV spontaneous control in relation to HCV status were analysed in persistent and transient HIV-controllers with anti-HCV positive (n = 202 and n = 138 respectively) in comparison with 1700 HCV positive non HIV-controllers recruited from January 1981 up to March 2018, bivariate and multivariate analyses, following a logistic regression model, were applied. In addition, the factors related to the loss and time to lose HIV-controller status were explored (n = 744) using Log rank test and Kaplan-Meier curves, in this case the multivariate analysis consisted in a Cox regression model. A higher frequency of HCV spontaneous clearance was found in persistent HIV-controllers (25.5%) compared to non-controllers (10.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, as sex, age, HIV transmission risk, CD4+ T-cell nadir and time of follow-up, HCV clearance was independently associated with persistent HIV spontaneous control (p = 0.002; OR (95% CI) = 2.573 (1.428 to 4.633)), but not with transient spontaneous control (p = 0.119; 1.589 (0.888 to 2.845)). Furthermore, persistent HIV-controllers were more likely to spontaneously clear the HCV in comparison with transient controllers (p = 0.027; 0.377 (0.159 to 0.893). Finally, not to lose or lengthen the time of losing this control was independently associated with HCV spontaneous clearance (p = 0.010; 0.503 (0.297 to 0.850). This study shows an association between spontaneous persistent HIV-control and HCV spontaneous clearance. The study findings support the idea of preserved immune mechanisms in persistent HIV control implicated in HCV spontaneous clearance. These results highlight persistent HIV-controllers but not transient controllers as a good model of functional HIV cure.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (research contracts CPII014/00025 to E.R.‐M., and FI14/00431 to L.T.‐D. and research projects PI12/02283, PI16/00684, PI19/01127 to E.R.‐M.) and Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA (Projects RD12/0017/0029, RD12/0017/0031, and RD16/0025/0020 and RD16/0025/0013), which is included in the Acción Estratégica en Salud, Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2008 to 2011 and 2013 to 2016, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondos FEDER. E.R.‐M. was supported by Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social of Junta de Andalucía through the Nicolás Monardes program (C‐0032/17), N Rallón is a Miguel Servet investigator from the Spanish Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), grant CP14/00198, Madrid, Spain and B.D.M. received a grant from The Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU13/02451). Work in CL‐G’s laboratory was supported by grants SAF (2010 to 17226) and (2016‐77894‐R) from MINECO (Spain) and FIS (PI 13/02269, ISCIII) and in part by the RIS‐RETIC grants RD06/006/0036 and RD12/0017/0028 funded by the ISC III‐FEDER. MP has a contract of RIS‐RETIC RD12/0017/0036.S